Vallfärd buddhism
According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished: [ ]. The early Buddhist Texts include the four principal Pali Nikāyas [ note 7 ] and their parallel Agamas found in the Chinese canon together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the patimokkha. Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe asceticism , which included a strict fasting regime and various forms of breath control.
New ideas developed both in the Vedic tradition in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements. These developments were historic and epistemological as documented in verses from Śāntideva 's Bodhicaryāvatāra , and supplemented by reference to suttas and jātakas from the Pali canon. According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions".
The so called Second Buddhist council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha.
Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event. According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment" of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Early Buddhist positions in the Theravada tradition had not established any deities, but were epistemologically cautious rather than directly atheist.
For example, Buddhist texts assert that Buddha described himself as a kshatriya warrior class , but Gombrich writes that little is known about his father and there is no proof that his father even knew the term kshatriya. The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages such as Sanskrit , Pali , Tibetan , and Chinese. De skall komma till dig till fots och ridande på alla slag av snabbfotade riddjur och de skall komma från alla håll och från avlägsna trakter.” [Koranen ].
The term Dharmavinaya comes from Sanskrit: धर्मविनय , literally meaning "doctrines [and] disciplines".
Buddism - Läran
However, some scholars argue that critical analysis reveals discrepancies among the various doctrines found in these early texts, which point to alternative possibilities for early Buddhism. Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE pre-Buddha, pre- Mahavira , and these influenced both the āstika and nāstika traditions of Indian philosophy. According to various early texts like the Mahāsaccaka-sutta, and the Samaññaphala Sutta , on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements asavas , the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in saṃsāra.
Later Buddhist traditions were more influenced by the critique of deities within Hinduism and therefore more committed to a strongly atheist stance. Buddister ger sig främst ut för att besöka olika stupor och pagoder där aska eller reliker efter heliga människor eller Budda själv ligger förvarade. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called Sthaviras "elders" sought to modify the Vinaya monastic rule , and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called Mahāsāṃghikas.
He was born in Lumbini , present-day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu , [ note 3 ] a town in the Ganges Plain , near the modern Nepal—India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar [ note 4 ] and Uttar Pradesh. For example, some scholars think that karma was not central to the teaching of the historical Buddha, while other disagree with this position. Andra platser buddister besöker är Buddas hemort och den plats Budda nådde upplysning.
His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts. The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as Atman soul, self , Brahman , the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the Vedas and Upanishads.
According to tradition, the Buddha taught that dukkha lit. According to early texts such as the Pali Ariyapariyesanā-sutta "The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26 and its Chinese parallel at MĀ , Gautama was moved by the suffering dukkha of life and death, and its endless repetition due to rebirth. According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Four Noble Truths , the Noble Eightfold Path , Nirvana , the three marks of existence , the five aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth.
Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka — BCE , who was a public supporter of the religion. He famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree — now called the Bodhi Tree — in the town of Bodh Gaya and attained "Awakening" Bodhi. Additionally, Vajrayāna lit. Various details about the Buddha'a background are contested in modern scholarship.
Buddhism - Wikipedia
The names Buddha Dharma and Bauddha Dharma come from Sanskrit : बुद्ध धर्म and बौद्ध धर्म respectively "doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists". Lopez asserts they also used the term Bauddha , [ 39 ] although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists. The Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various Buddhist schools of thought , each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are Theravada , Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.
Tibetan Buddhism , a form of Vajrayāna , is practised in the Himalayan states as well as in Mongolia [ 28 ] and Russian Kalmykia. Other commonly observed elements include the Triple Gem , the taking of monastic vows , and the cultivation of perfections pāramitā. Historically, until the early 2nd millennium , Buddhism was widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent before declining there ; [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely Afghanistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan.
The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas such as at Sanchi and Bharhut , temples such as the Mahabodhi Temple and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to the West in the 20th century.
The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of nirvāṇa lit. Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" Pali: Gotama , while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. Vad har buddister som ger sig ut på vallfärd, eller pilgrimsfärd, för mål? Vallfärd (Hajj) ”Kungör för människorna [plikten att fullgöra] vallfärden. According to N. Ross Reat, all of these doctrines are shared by the Theravada Pali texts and the Mahasamghika school's Śālistamba Sūtra.
Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent.